Karl Marx and Capitalism Essay

In this paper I will examine how Karl Marx views capitalism and, more specifically, the criticisms he has regarding capitalism. In the first part of the paper I will reconstruct and explain the philosopher’s argument. In the second part of the paper I will offer my critical evaluation where I will demonstrate how these critiques are still appropriate in today’s society by providing examples of how capitalism is affecting the lives of American workers even today. However, I will first explain the definition and structure of capitalism. Capitalism is an economic system that is most common in the United States and much of Western Europe today. It is represented by privatization of companies for production of goods or services for a profit, competitive markets, and wage labor (â€Å"Capitalism†). These individual skills were initially developed from skills that grew out of the economic time period known as feudalism and has evolved into individuals who possess certain skills that can demand payment. Although this may seem like it would be an ideal situation for workers and provide a platform to provide a service in return for payment of some sort, it soon became evident that there were people who would use this new system of economics to their advantage. Instead of doing the work themselves, they would find skilled workers to provide the service or product under the umbrella of their organization to which they would market and sell the goods for profit. The business owner would make a profit and, in turn, pay the worker a portion for his services provided. Unfortunately, there were others who were unable to make the system work for them in such an advantageous manner. Karl Marx had two basic criticisms of capitalism – especially in his lifetime of the beginning of the industrial revolution and the formation of factories. His first was the thought that the worker suffered from alienation on several different levels. As a capitalistic society succeeds by gaining profit for the companies and business owners, the overall cost of goods needed to live also increases. If the wages earned by workers went up consistently with the profits of society and, thus, the increase in the cost of living, all would be good and balanced. However, that is not the case in most circumstances, in fact, as Marx points out, â€Å"the worker becomes an ever cheaper commodity the more goods he creates† (Johnson 261). In other words, as the production increases the cost to produce is lowered. The business owner sees those profits in the gross profit obtained by the sale of goods; however, the worker is generally not compensated in a fair and equitable manner. This turns a skill which may or may not have been a passion at one time into something that the worker is forced to do whether they desire to do so or not. Even if a worker enjoyed his occupation, chances are, he or she is being forced to comply with guidelines or standards set by someone else. As a worker you are still not truly free to produce your work according to your standards so you are, in essence, alienating yourself from the product of your work. According to Marx, capitalism has also produced an alienation from nature. He states that the capitalistic society conceals this alienation because it does not examine the direct relationship between the worker and production (Johnson 263). Essentially, the labor of the worker may produce wonderful and beautiful things for the wealthy individuals but oftentimes the working class population may never get to experience the beauty for themselves. Furthermore, the workers identity is often lost within their job and they do not have the means to express their individuality. This is identified by Marx as being alienated from yourself and from your labor. Most people do not proclaim their uniqueness in ways that focus around their occupation. Even in a highly sought after job you may, for a time, feel as if that encompasses who you truly are, but it is only a small part of your being – your essence. This also ties in to another alienation theme of Marx which is the alienation from your species as a human being. According to Marx, â€Å"the worker feels himself to be freely active only in his animal function – eating, drinking, and procreating, or at most also in his dwelling and in personal adornment – while in his human functions he is reduced to animal† (Johnson 264). In other words, as workers we are often free only when we are allowed to do what we want to do instead of what is demanded and required of us at our jobs. When this happens, we are often reduced to a more animalistic approach to fulfilling our needs. Finally, Marx contends that in a apitalistic society, the worker is alienated from others. Because there is so much competition in capitalism – which is the driving force for production and profits – it causes a hostile environment among workers. Many are competing for the same position or the same customer or account. This competition causes a friction within the frame of society that pits individual against individual which is what leads us into the next matter of contention with Marx in his views of capitalism which is exploitation. He claims that â€Å"private property has made us so stupid and partial that an object is only ours when we have it, when it exists for us as capital or when it is directly eaten, drunk, worn, inhabited, etc. , in short, utilized in some way; although private property itself only conceives these various forms of possession as means of life, and the life for which they serve as means is the life of private property – labor and creation of capital† (Johnson 266). People have become so materialistic in our capitalistic society that they are driven to all means by which to obtain their measures of status. Because of this, the workers are driven to give into demands made by their employers in order to make the wages necessary to maintain their standard of living. Since the workers are plentiful, the products are also plentiful, which discussed earlier creates a larger bottom line for the profit of the company or business owner. However, even though the profits are increased for the business owners of the capitalistic society, the wages are often not as high as the profit. Thus, the value of the product is high while keeping the value of the worker low. This is a classic example of exploitation. I think that the criticisms offered by Marx are still applicable in today’s society in the United States. I think that the worker is indeed alienated from his true identity as an individual. Before the onset of industrialized production there was a certain pride associated with one’s occupation; whether that was as a craftsman in wood, as a blacksmith, tailor, or bricklayer. No matter your profession, you were able to express your individuality and impart your character into the product of your work. Sadly, this is not the case with the workers of today. They are often subject to limitations and expectations that hinder their creative ability and they are forced to produce that are a poor representation of their ability or personality. Most people are forced into positions they don’t even want to be in professionally because they need to make a certain amount of money to pay for their wants and needs. This creates a frustration and dissatisfaction that reaches far beyond the walls of the factory or office. It is no wonder that most workers today dread Monday mornings and count the days until five o’clock Friday afternoon. Again and again, the energy level increases as the weekend approaches. There is a common sentiment that states everybody is simply working for the weekend. This is because workers are dissatisfied with their jobs and feel undervalued and taken advantage of in many circumstances. Once the workday ends, the freedom begins for the worker. This is often why the bars have a â€Å"happy hour† as this is where the worker can forget the troubles of the day and throw back a drink or two and finally relax. The economic conditions of living in an industrialized society has turned the ordinary worker into a materialistic consumer that generally far outreaches his or her ability to afford to keep up with the Jones’. Because many feel the pressure of this forced societal expectations to possess certain items, live in a certain neighborhood, d rive the right car all while wearing the right clothes and accessories we as workers in the United States have been put in the unfortunate and unbalanced position of much more want than means by which to provide it. As long as that continues, we are stuck in a cycle of never ending wants that never truly satisfy because they are not meeting what is truly needed in our lives. Marx claims that â€Å"the human being had to be reduced to this absolute poverty in order to be able to give birth to all his inner wealth† (Johnson 268). In a capitalistic society it is encouraged, and even necessary, to consume what is being produced in order for capitalism to continue to grow. Today’s worker can do this in moderation, without putting themselves or their families in such a position to further add to the frustration of meeting expectations and demands at a workplace that is unfulfilling to their existence. Furthermore, I think that labor unions were formed in the early 1900’s in order to protect workers from exploitation of greedy business owners. At the turn of the century, many workers were expected to work long hours almost every day of the week. There were unsafe working environments s well as high quotas being placed on workers from employers with minimal compensation to the workers. All of this was so the profits could rise as production was increased. There seemed no reason to pay more in wages by adding workers or in higher salaries for the existing employees when the business owners could simply demand more from their current workforce. Also, working conditions were often unsafe while trying to maximize workspace with the maximum number of workers without actually increasing the area being used. Because of labor unions working conditions have improved greatly for the worker in America; there are 40 hour work weeks with compensation for additional hours worked; guidelines have been implemented to make for safer working conditions; and there is more room for negotiation for fair wages without fear of retaliation by employers. Although labor unions are still in existence today, they have much less impact than they had in the past. Politicians are close bedfellows with the corporate executives across our nation and policies are ever changing to benefit the corporation and business owners while causing the worker to suffer the consequences. Even though there have been great improvements in regard to the criticisms of alienation and exploitation that Marx had against capitalism, I believe they still exist. Marx may have not been of this century but I feel his observations are still valid in today’s world.

Advantages Of Unit Banking Essay

1.Local Development:Unit banking is localized banking. The unit bank has the specialised knowledge of the local problems and serves the requirements of the local people in a better manner than branch banking. The funds of the locality are utilised for the local development and are not transferred to other areas 2.Promotes Regional Balance:Under unit banking system, there is no transfer of resources from rural and backward areas to the big industrial commercial centres. This tends to reduce regional in balance. 3.Easy Management:The management and supervision of a unit bank is much easier and more effective than that under branch banking system. There are less chances of fraud and irregularities in the financial management of the unit banks. 4.Initiative in Banking Business:Unit banks have full knowledge of and greater involvement in the local problems. They are in a position to take initiative to tackle these problems through financial help. 5.No Monopolistic Tendencies:Unit banks are generally of small size. Thus, there is no possibility of generating monopolistic tendencies under unit banking system. 6.No Inefficient Branches:Under unit banking system, weak and inefficient branches are automatically eliminated. No protection is provided to such banks. 7.No diseconomies of Large Scale Operations:Unit banking is free from the diseconomies and problems of large-scale operations which are generally experienced by the branch banks. 8.Easy Management and Control:Under unit banking system, it becomes very easy for a single office to manage and control efficiently. 9.Close Management and Workers Relationship:Under unit banking system, there prevails a close and cordial relationship between employer and employees. 10.Quick Decision:The owners or the management of unit banks can take quick decision and prompt action in times of emergencies. 11.Use of Local Resources:Local financial resources are used for local development. 12.Lesser Fraud and Irregularities:Due to the less scattered affairs of the bank, there are very little possibilities of fraud and irregularities. Disadvantages Of Unit Banking: 1.No. Distribution of Risks:Under unit banking, the bank operations are highly localised. Therefore, there is little possibility of distribution and diversification of risks in various areas and industries. 2.Inability to Face Crisis:Limited resources of the unit banks also restrict their ability  to face financial crisis. These banks are not in a position to stand a sudden rush of withdrawals. 3.No Banking Development in Backward Areas:Unit banks, because of their limits resources, cannot afford to open uneconomic banking business is smaller towns and rural area. As such, these area remain unbanked. 4.Lack of Specialization:Unit banks, because of their small size, are not able to introduce, and get advantages of, division of labor and specialization. Such banks cannot afford to employ highly trained and specialized staff. 5.Costly Remittance of Funds:A unit bank has no branches at other place. As a result, it has to depend upon the correspondent banks for transfer of funds which is very expensive. 6.Disparity in Interest Rates:Since easy and cheap movement of does not exist under the unit banking system, interest rates vary considerably at different places. 7.Local Pressures:Since unit banks are highly localised in their business, local pressures and interferences generally disrupt their normal functioning. 8.Undesirable Competition:Unit banks are independently run by different managements. This results in undesirable competition among different unit banks. 9.Limited Size of Operation:Unit bank business can not be operated on large scale because of its limited area. Being the small organisation, division of labour can not be applied. 10.No Economy of Reserves:Under unit banking, bank can not transfer its funds to any other branch. So economy in cash reserve can not be secured under this system. 11.Limited Financial Resources:A unit bank has limited financial resources so it is not able to provide full and adequate banking facilities to the industry and trade of the area. 12.Investment of Idle Funds:A unit bank having no other branches, can not utilize its idle funds in profitable ways.

Apush Explorers and Revolutionary War

French explorer that explored the Great Lakes, the Mississippi River, and he Gulf of Mexico 4. Fort Niceness ¶y g. After Washington and his men fired and killed some French troops and their leader outside of Fort Duquesne, Washington set up hastily constructed breastworks called Fort Necessity h. After a ten hour siege, he was forced to surrender his entire command in July 1754, but was permitted to march his men away with the full honors of war 5. The French and Indian War/ 7 Years War I. The fourth Anglo-French struggle j.It was fought in America and in Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and in the ocean k. In Europe, the principle adversaries were Britain ND Prussia against France, Spain, Austria and Russia l. France wasted so many troops in Europe that it was unable to send sufficient support to the colonies 6. General Edward Bradford m. Sixty year old officer that was experienced in European warfare n. He was sent to Virginia with a strong detachment of British troops o. After foraging scanty supplies from the colonists, he set out in 1755 with 2 thousand men to capture Fort Duquesne p.Most of his force consisted of ill-disciplined colonial militiamen q. Burdocks expedition moved slowly because they had to drag heavy artillery r. A few miles from the fort, Bradford encountered a much smaller force of French and Indians, but they ran into the thickets and poured a murderous fire into the ranks of the redcoats s. Washington came to Burdocks aide t. Bradford was mortally wounded and the British force was routed after terrible losses 7. General James Wolfe and the Battle of Quebec u. 32 years Old and had been an officer since age 14 v.He sent a detachment up a poorly guarded part of the rocky eminence protecting Quebec w. They scaled the cliff and by morning, the 2 armies faced each other on the Plains of Abraham on the outskirts of Quebec He fell fatally wounded after the battle, but the French were defeated and the city surrendered 8. The Peace of Paris of 1763 y. French power was thrown completely off the continent of North America z. The French were allowed to retain several small but valuable sugar islands in the West Indies, and two islets in the Gulf of SST.Lawrence for fishing stations {. France ceded to Spain, all trans-Mississippi Louisiana plus New Orleans l. Spain gave Florida to Britain for Cuba where Havana had fallen into British arms 9. Chief Pontiac War y. Pontiac led several tribes including a handful of French traders in a lenient campaign to drive the British out of Ohio country Pontiac war besieged Detroit in the spring of 1 763 at the hands of a rival chieftain and overran all but 3 of the British posts west of the Appalachians, killing 2000 soldiers and settlers CLC.The British retaliated by waging a primitive biological warfare where one British commanded ordered blankets infected with small pox to be distributed among the Indians . This crushed the uprising and brought an uneasy truce to the frontier Pontiac died in 1769 at the hands off rival chieftain 10. The Proclamation of 1 763 . It flatly prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians, ending further adjustments . This document was not intended to oppress the colonists at all, but to work out the Indian problem fairly and prevent another bloody eruption like Pontiac uprising Chapter 7 1.The Navigation Acts: a. Passed by Parliament in 1650 to target rival Dutch shippers trying to elbow their way into the American carrying trade b. All commerce flowing to and from the colonies could only be transferred in British vessels Required that European goods destined for America first had to be landed in Britain where tariff duties could be collected and British middlemen could take a slice of the profits d. American merchants must ship enumerated goods, notably tobacco, exclusively to Britain even though the prices might be better elsewhere 2.Salutary Neglect: e. Navigation Laws that were imposed held no intolerable burden mainly because they were loosely enforced (Salutary Neglect) 3. George Greenville: f. Prime Minister that first aroused the resentment of the colonists in 1763 by ordering the British Navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws g. He secured from Parliament the Sugar Act of 1 764 h. Quartering Act of 1 765: required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops I. Stamp Act of 1 765 j. Greenville regarded these measures as reasonable and just k.He was simple asking the Americans to pay a fair share of the costs for their own defense I. Colonists believed that Greenville was striking at their local liberties 4. Sugar Act of 1 764: m. First law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the crown n. It increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies o. After bitter protests, the duties were lowered substantially and the agitation died down 5. Stamp Act of 1 765: p. Greenville was trying to raise the tax revenues to support the new litany force q.The Stamp Act mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax r. Stamps were required on bills of sale for about fifty trade items as well as on certain types of commercial and legal documents, including playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading, and marriage licenses 6. Taxation without Representation: s. The phrase colonists chanted after the stamp act was enacted 7. Virtual Representation: t. Greenville claimed that the American colonies were represented in Parliament u.He declared that the power of Parliament was supreme and undivided and that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member of the Parliament v. Americans scoffed at the idea of virtual representation 8. Stamp Act Congress 1765: w. It brought together in NYC, 27 distinguished delegates from nine colonies x. After debating, the members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and beseeches the king and Parliament to repeal the repugnant legislation y. The Congress, which was ignored in England, made little splash at the time in America z.It was one more step to colonial unity 9. Non-lamentation Agreements: A promising stride towards union I . People started using home made goods and stopped purchasing British imports This gave colonial men and women a chance to participate in colonial protests 10. Sons of Liberty: Took law into their own hands D. Cried Liberty, Property, and No Stamps . They enforced importation agreements against violators with tar and feathering . Patriotic mobs ransacked the houses of unpopular officials, confiscated their money, and hanged effigies of stamp agents on liberty poles 11. Declaratory Act 1766: .Reaffirmed Parliaments right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever It defined the constitutional principle it would not yield: absolute and unqualified sovereignty over its North American colonies Charles Townsend: . Seized control of the British ministry as the new Prime Minister Champagne Charley . Persuaded Parliament to pass the Townsend Acts . Often drunk 12. . Understood the difference between external and internal taxes 13. Townsend Acts 17671 Light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea . Made this tax an indirect customs duty payable at American ports .To the Americans, this difference did not matter . Parliament suspended the legislature of NY because of failure to comply tit the quartering act . The Townsend Acts were to be earmarked to pay the salaries of the royal governors and judges in America Importation acts were quickly revived against Townsend acts Boston Massacre 1 770: . A crowd of 60 townspeople set upon a squad of ten redcoats hit the red coats with clubs . The troops opened fire and killed or wounded eleven citizens first to die was Crisps Attacks . Only 2 red coats Were found guilty Of man slaughter 15.King George Ill: . 32 years old 14. . They . The . Strenuously attempting to assert the power of the British monarchy Townsend Acts had failed to produce revenue He was a good man but a bad ruler . He surrounded himself with cooperative yes men and a corrupt Prime Minister Lord North 16. Lord North: . Under Lord North, Parliament repealed the Townsend revenue duties except the tax on tea The tax that colonists found most offensive was retained to keep alive the principle of parliamentary taxation . Corrupt 17. Committees Of Correspondence 1772: .Samuel Adams organized the local committees of correspondence He formed the first one in Boston in 1772 which provoked 80 other towns in their colonies to set up similar organizations . Their chief function was to parade the spirit of resistance by interchanging letters and this keep alive opposition to British policy . Virginia created the House of Burgesses in 1773 by creating such as body such as a standing committee of the House of Burgesses . Within a short time, every colony had established a central committee through which it could exchange ideas and information with other 18.British East India Company: . In 1773, it was overburdened with 17 million pounds of unsold tea and was facing bankruptcy . If it collapsed, then the London government would lose heavily in tax revenue, so they decided to assist the company by warding it a complete monopoly Of American tea business . The company offered to sell tea much cheaper even with the tax, but Americans refused to buy it 19. Boston Tea Party 1 773: . A band of Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the docked tea ships on December 16, 1773 . They smashed open 342 crates of tea and dumped the contents into the harbor .After this, Hutchinson traveled to Britain and never returned 20. Coercive/lamentable Acts 1 774: . In 1774, it passed a series of acts designed to chastise Boston in particular, Massachusetts in general . Called the massacre of American Liberty Boston Port Act was the most drastic. It closed the harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured . Many of the chartered rights of colonial Massachusetts were swept away . Restrictions were placed on town meetings . Enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty could now be sent to Britain for trial .Quebec Act 1774: guaranteed the French their Catholic religion and permitted them to retain their customs and traditions and extended the boundaries of Quebec southward down to the Ohio River 21 . First Continental Congress: . 1774 the first congress was to meet in Philadelphia to consider ways Of dressing colonial grievances . 12/13 colonies with only Georgia missing sent 55 distinguished men . They deliberated for 7 weeks from Seep 5-act 26 . It was not a legislative, but a consultative body a convention rather than .After prolong argument, the congress drew up several a congress dignified papers including the Declaration of Rights . The most significant action of the Congress was the creation of the Association 22. Declaration of Rights: . Made by the continental congress 23. The Association: . It called a complete boycott on British goods: importation, non- exportation, and non-consumption The delegates were not yet calling for independence, they wanted to repeal the offensive legislation and return to the happy days before parliamentary taxation 24.

Human Resource Management Is Radically Different From Personnel Essay

Human Resource Management Is Radically Different From Personnel Management - Essay Example Human resource management is a two way reaction, firstly people work to achieve their goals by helping organizations grow and secondly the organizations achieve their goals by helping people grow, in short one can say that "the purpose of human resource management is to improve the productive contribution of people to the organization in ways that are strategically, ethically, and socially responsible" (Werther, Keith, 8). Where as when we talk about personnel management than we are also talking about the staff other than managers, which does not even come under HR department such as labor force, which is in contact with the manager who is responsible for the labor dealings, however that manager has a direct relation with human resource department. Further more the human resource management is not just simply limited to the employee relations in a particular way but it is a complete process that makes it so much complicated and interesting, it has a vast scope and objectives which are also related to the organization in which people are working, unlike personnel management which is related to people working for the organization only. The human resource has certain objectives with out which there would be no need of it, there are four types of objectives, Organizational Objective, the organizational effectiveness is the key issue here, its main job is to identify the fact that is there any management exiting or not Then comes Functional Objective, here HR job is to identify and maintain the level of contribution in relation to the organization's needs, then comes Societal Objective, here the job of HR is to fulfill the needs of the society in terms of being ethically and socially responsible in meeting the challenges faced by t he society, then the last one is Personal Objective, it is assumed to be the core purpose of HR and that is to assist employees in reaching their own goals and helping and assuring their contribution in the success of the organization it self. Further more HRM is having various complicated processes such as selection and recruitment process, which is definitely related to the employees but more importantly the company is finding people for its own benefit, here the company is not managing the people but just checking their standards whether they can work or not, so the focus is on the organization's betterment, another process is employee training and development, here the company has some intention in managing the personnel but the main concerns are for the organization's excellence, other processes are employee compensation and incentives which shows a relation between human resource and personnel management, these all are pointing toward the fact that it is a very vast and compli cated field where as personnel management has a limited part to play in the entire human resource management. There are even greater facts to discuss about human resource management which are entirely different than the personnel management and yet having direct impact on the country in which the HRM practices are done, the biggest problem that the countries are facing is the role of human resource department in

Journal Article Critque Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal Critque - Article Example According to the author, the results of such study were based on specific details which were recognized as important points of framework to the general idea. There are different issues that have been covered by the article. One is the theological basis in the New Testament which is focused on the totality of the man (thus including the surroundings). In the said part, the nature of man and the nature of God had been discussed along with theological limitations to social involvement and the New Testament concept of ideal society.1 The author presented numerous concepts related to the image of God in man with respect to social responsibility. The article is leaning on the importance of human’s social responsibility in showing the image of God since in the totality of the man, the environment can be considered as a significant part. The author’s view is clearly targeted on promoting social responsibility. In every part of the article, clear references were given and multi-faceted discussion of the importance of social responsibility is given. In the first part which is about the theological basis, he presented the nature of man which is being a sinner and in need of redeeming himself by showing social responsibility. The concept presented regarding the nature of God revolves around giving love from Himself to man (1 John 4:8). Being in the image of God, the author pointed out that for man to be able to redeem himself, there should be an expression of love towards his environment which can be equat ed to social responsibility. The third point presented under the theological limitations of to social involvement since there were no clear rules on what to do, the author pointed out that man needs to decide for himself taking into consideration his free will and his need to redeem himself – which again indicated that social responsibility is the key

Compare and contrast analysis essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare and contrast analysis - Essay Example Other research studies on the subject revealed diverse perspectives noting the popularity that hip hop has gained from the time it originated and spanning a global audience. In this regard, using the two discourse: Chang’s It’s a Hip Hop World and Kiwana’s Erasing Blackness, the current essay hereby aims to present a comparative analysis of these literary works through a closer examination of the following elements, to wit: point of view, character, theme and experiences. There are similarities in terms of presenting both literary works from the third person point of view. Both Chang and Kiwana used the formal essay structure by using narrative and descriptive format and style with examples noted from actual life experiences. The disparities lie in presentation of the literary work, as Chang’s presentation could be deemed more effective in enticing pathos or emotional appeal through the use of carefully selected photographs the break the monotony of a long line of discourse (â€Å"Asian art: Graffiti is one of the original elements of American-style hip-hop that Chinas urban youth have made their own† (Chang 60); â€Å"Cant stop: A South Korean b-boy tears up Seoul with his acrobatic moves† (Chang 61); â€Å"Revisiting roots: Senegalese hip-hop artists tackle themes of poverty and oppression† (Chang 62)). Kiwana relied solely on narrative and descriptive prose with only very minimal sub-headings that assist the readers in defining a well-crafted enumeration on the arguments supposedly supporting white kids as hip-hop’s primary audience. Thereby, it could be deduced that Kiwana used logos as the rhetorical appeal through persuading the readers using logical reasoning. The theme is obviously unified as both focused on the subject of hip-hop. The contrast lies in thrust or focus of discussion. As brief noted, Kiwana’s discussion on the chapter aimed at

Employment and Law of Tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment and Law of Tort - Essay Example In our scenarios, it is seen that the first case deals with the aspect of tort law dealing with emotional distress caused by the employer. It must be noted that in order to establish the occurrence of intentional emotional distress, the plaintiff or the person inflicting the tort should show any of the four patterns as indicated by Biotech.law.lsu.edu (1983) Moving onwards to the second scenario, a trick played by the chef resulted in physical injury to the cashier thus breaking his wrist. This is a clear example of assault and battery. Stender and Steele (2009) mention in their study that according to the Restatement (Second) of Torts  § 18 (1965), â€Å"one is subject to liability for battery if: (a) he acts intending to cause a harmful or offensive contact with the person of the other or a third person, or an imminent apprehension of such a contact; and (b) a harmful contact with the person of the other directly or indirectly results†. Bestattorneysonline.com (2012) describes the tort of assault as the fear of the plaintiff whereby he is of the idea that the defender might cause him physical harm. In other words, the injury has not been inflicted but rather a threat has been made or action showing the intention of causing hurt has been done. On the other hand, battery is labeled as the harmful act itself, i.e. the injury has been inflicted with direct and intentional force to cause harm or damage to another person. Bestattorneysonline.com (2012)  Legal Articles - What is the Difference Between Assault and Battery? [online] Available at: http://www.bestattorneysonline.com/articles/makhsudul-islam/what-is-the-difference-between-assault-and-battery/368/ [Accessed: 17 Dec

Moral Obligation by Bentham Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Moral Obligation by Bentham - Essay Example According to Bentham, "Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as determine what we shall do." (Moore, "Moral and Political Philosophy", p. 282). How a person perceives such obligations to be accepted or rejected, depends upon the conditions it describes make it fair to adopt the stance or not. Moral obligations can be referred to those errands, which one considers to be an essential instance of personality to be adopted. It depends upon as to what extent one feels him socially responsible to be answerable to those instances. These instances show the extent of how much a person is humanistic in behaviour and shows that the conditions of rational power satisfy this constraint: that it is fair to hold people morally responsible if they possess the rational power to grasp and apply moral reasons, and to control their behavior by the light of those reasons. As far as my opinion is concerned I believe every individual in this society has a right to live and let live and not only live but live happily and contentedly which can only possible if one is aware as how to justify morality whatever be the circumstances, this morality teaches us as to how to least expect from the society and giving the society the best we possess in moral notions. When it comes to 'expectations', episodes of guilt, resentment, and indignation are the outcomes of our justifications. Once this interpretation of the reactive emotions is in place, we can draw on it to account for the stance of holding people morally responsible. That stance is characterized by the responses of blame and moral sanction; to understand the stance, we therefore need an interpretation of blame and morals. We should consider those facts that we believe society expects from us, rather than what we expect from society. Only in this case we would be able to fulfil our moral obligation toward s society, our country and above all, ourselves. Â  Euthanasia - Is it immoral to allow Euthanasia to a patient "Euthanasia is the deliberate production of the death of a human being on the grounds that in his situation it is considered that it is better that he should be dead than that he should continue to live". (Wilkinson, 1990, p. 10) Many thinkers and philosophers believe that Euthanasia is immoral. According to Rachels, "thinkers oppose killing patients in any circumstances whatever. However, they think it is all right, in some special circumstances, to allow patients to die by withholding treatment". If we view 'Euthanasia' in the light of philosophical rationalizations, we would come to know what Epicurus has tried to explain, "death is nothing to us. For all good and evil consists in sensation, but death is deprivation of sensation. And therefore a right understanding that death is nothing to us makes the mortality of life enjoyable, not because it adds to it an infinite span of time, but because it takes away the craving for immortality". (Moore, "Moral and Political Philosophy", p . 291) As said by Epictetus, "Some things are under our control, while others are not under our control". (Moore, "Moral and Political Philosophy", p. 293)

Exhibition review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Exhibition review - Research Paper Example The concepts approached by this exhibition were able to define and develop new beliefs and ideologies relating to contemporary issues in society and culture as well as direct relationships to the understanding of these philosophies to the personal associations by artists. The main theme exhibited through these displays was based on the question of modernism, what this meant when coming out of the past trends in art and having an uncertain future in the development of society and art. The display of modern art was then which displayed specific associations and questions about the relationships to modernism as a trend in art and society. The concepts in the modern art exhibit consisted of four main rooms that were based on specific themes and ideologies. This included the concept of â€Å"Born to Concrete,† the â€Å"Heide Exhibit,† Outside Sculpture displays and sculpture and paintings based on the ideology of relief. Each of the projects displayed are based on contemporary issues noted by modern artists and the expectations that are related to and which are associated with this. This is combined with the current ideologies in contemporary art, specifically with artists in their formative or early stages. This combines a specific form of creativity and approaches to expression by the artists being displayed at the modern art exhibit in Melbourne (Short, 15). While this was the main association with the artists, there were also expansions with the thematic material, all which related to the contemporary cultural and social ideologies, while associating with the modern complexities in society. The first display of â€Å"Born to Concrete† shows a combination of poetry with the sculptures, both which work together to create a specific message about the combination of artwork. This avant-garde form is one which works as an intermedium that combines two messages into one. The hybrid form is able to produce an

Instrument Improvements of the Nineteenth Century and the Effects on Essay

Instrument Improvements of the Nineteenth Century and the Effects on the Wind Band - Essay Example There have been many different versions of wind instruments as they too have slowly evolved and improved with the passage of time. It is the intention of this paper to demonstrate how the invention of modern day wind instruments helped to bring the wind band out of the realm of pure functionality, and into the realm of artistic expression. Through the additions and improvement of modern wind instruments, the wind band is becoming another respected art medium. It was through the work of European wind instrument makers that all of the wind instruments gained the ability to play chromatic notes, allowing them to play melodies, and gradually changing the role of the wind band from one of functionality to artistic expression. In this paper, it is argued, wind band while attaining this status by way of instrument improvements, facilitated better scope for individual performance within the band without sacrificing the element of harmony and this was what contributed to the growth of wind ba nds as an artistic medium. Background The proposition that â€Å"invention and development† led to wind bands entering â€Å"musical life† in a big way, is an acknowledged fact.2 The major developments in this realm have been, the invention of saxophone, use of pistons in brass instruments, use of pistons in wood wind instruments, improvements made to the clarionet â€Å"by bass and contrabass†, development of a new form of oboe by incorporating â€Å"contrafaggotto†, and the emergence of the new brass instruments â€Å"in the lower bass section.†3 These changes and improvements were either effected simply by enthusiastic innovators or were made on demand from the master composers in order to meet their creative requirements.4 Above four thousand patents for innovations were allocated in France alone in the nineteenth century and among them, piano and wind instruments were the majority.5 In general, it was to â€Å"bridge over the long gaps and in tervals between [†¦] [the] open notes that all systems of valves, slides and keys are intended.6 This enhanced the quality of the music being produced and provided wind band music with an added dimension of individualism. Theobald Boehm The earlier existing forms of wind instruments were so under-developed that the creation of harmony using them was a near impossibility.7 In the early nineteenth century, European instrument makers were hard at work trying to devise a way to improve the tuning of wind instruments. The keyed bugle was the invention in the series of improvements to wind instruments and the inventor was Joseph Halliday to whom the product was patented.8 Theobald Boehm (1794-1881) was born in Germany and was â€Å"a professional flautist who became dissatisfied with the tone quality and imperfect mechanism of the old-style conical bore flute.†9 He decided to redesign his own flute after hearing a concert given by Charles Nicholson in London.10 Boehm was impre ssed by Nicholson's powerful tone drawn from his large-holed flute. In 1832, Boehm emerged from his shop in Munich with a new large-holed conical bore flute that incorporated interlocking rings with which to cover the 14 newly placed tone holes.11 Boehm did not start making cylindrical flutes until 1847 after studying and applying the science of acoustics to his instrument making.12 It would be another

The Straight Dope Science Advisory Board Essay Example for Free

The Straight Dope Science Advisory Board Essay Abstract: Is it possible to create a science fiction-type force field? The article begins with a person asking the staff of The Straight Dope Science Advisory Board a question concerning the possibility of creating a fiction-type force field. The staff member asks the person to clarify the question by asking if it is a force field that protects a ship, a tractor beam or something to keep prisons in holding. She then explains the different kinds of forces considered by physicists and ow some theories have combined the different forces. Briefly giving explanations, she looks at the possibility of a force field using the each of the different forces. She covers the four main forces: strong, weak, gravity and electromagnetism. Strong and weak forces cannot create a force field unless there are aliens or enemies with no electrons. The forces are for relatively very short distances, smaller than the protons and neutrons inside a nuclei. In other words, strong and weak forces are inefficient in creating a force field seen in science fiction movies. Next, she evaluated gravity in the possibility of creating a force field. Through her explanation, she shared two reasons gravity is not a good choice for creating a field. First, gravity is the weakest force. It is also is an attractive force, not a repulsive one. It could not prevent aliens or enemies out, but would do the opposite, keep them in. It could be used as a tractor beam; however, but due to calculations, it would need a black hole. Electromagnetism was looked at last as a possibility. The main problem is the fact that these forces work on charged matter. We are electrically neutral and the aliens would likely be as well. She suggested creating an immobile sheet of electrons, basically a wall. Her last suggestion was sharing that to make the force field invisible, you Just use plexiglass.

Critical Thinking Essay Example for Free

Critical Thinking Essay â€Å"Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.† (Michael Scriven Richard Paul) It is based on values that go above and beyond for clarity, precision, consistency, relevance. good reasons etc†¦It examines all reasoning and purpose. Questioning leads to clearer and well thought out conclusions less consequences and allows you to view things from alternative viewpoints. Critical thinking can allow someone to process a situation, and guide you to a better decision. Critical thinking guides a persons behavior and actions towards different situations These actions vary according to the motivation behind it. Critical thinking of any kind is never the same in any person. Everyone is subject to irrational thought. Its depth, among other things, in a given situation will determine the level of thought someone will put in the situation. No one is a critical thinker at all times but only with time and self awareness one would be more likely to change there behaviors. This is a self-guided and self motivating trait. You will see it more in someone trying to live more reasonably. It allows you to think more clearly and rationally. Critical thinking can help us acquire knowledge, and improve our theories. We use critical thinking to enhance work processes and improve social interactions. By using this method you are looking at the big picture and not just focusing on what is right in front of you. â€Å" Critical thinking operates on a higher level processing information, conseeding alternative points of view or reasonable objectives and arriving at a decision or making a conclusion.† (Abitheira) Active, persistent and careful consideration of a belief or supposed form of knowledge in light of the grounds that support it, and the further conclusions to which it tends. (John Dewey, 1909) References: Michael Scriven Richard Paul for the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking Instruction Criticalthinking.org Copyright  ©2013 Foundation for Critical Thinking 21st Century Skills GCU Library

The British Foreign Policy

The British Foreign Policy This essay aims to establish the role the Prime Minister plays in setting, shaping and implementing foreign policy in the UK by exploring decision-making patterns by former Prime Ministers in the related field, as well as current governments choices and aspirations on the international arena, and the contribution of Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and other bodies. As Paul Williams (2004: 911) noted that foreign policy is not made in a political vacuum it is paramount to take into consideration Britain`s national interest in international relations and the countrys position in the existing paradigm of world politics. First, it will define what foreign policy is and why it takes a special place in policy making. Foreign policy will be analysed against following factors: globalisation, public opinion and national interest. Also, it will summarize the key models of the Foreign Policy Analysis (Allison 1971) and question their effectiveness and drawbacks. Second, the essay will refer to case studies on the subject to bring empirical data into analysis. The case studies include the Europeanization of the foreign policy in the UK, the US-UK intervention in Iraq in terms of the ethical foreign policy. They will help to access the role played by foreign policy makers. Given the length of this essay it will not comment in detail on the influence of NGOs, British ambassadors abroad and the economy; however, they are undeniable parts of foreign policy-making process. Finally, the essay will discuss a possible course of action for the UK to take in order to achieve a successful foreign policy and bring back the power to British decision-makers. What could be done to overcome common thinking of foreign policy being about getting our way in an unhelpful world (Cradock 1997: 99-100). What foreign policy is? Definition, context, goals In the modern world it is impossible to imagine a country without a well-defined set of rules of behaviour towards its geopolitical neighbours and economic partners. The question remains, however, as to what extent foreign policy represents interests of leaders, political parties and general public of a particular country. Collective coping with the international environment is, indeed, a useful shorthand definition of foreign policy according to Christopher Hill (2003: 9) but this definition leaves infinite variants of interpretation of what collective is and who plays the leading role in doing so the Prime Minister, the Foreign Secretary, a collaboration of both, official agents interpreting and implementing policies or influence of powerful countries that Britain has close relationship with? In order to understand who conducts the British foreign policy it is essential to outline the policy goals first. William Hague, the current Foreign Secretary, in his speech on the 1st of July, 2010 promises to deliver a distinctive British foreign policy that extends our global reach and influence, that is agile and energetic in a networked world, that uses diplomacy to secure our prosperity, that builds up significantly strengthened bilateral relations for Britain, that harnesses the appeal of our culture and heritage to promote our values, and that sets out to make the most of the abundant opportunities of the 21st century systematically and for the long-term. So for the first time in years in my view Britain will have a foreign policy that is clear, focused and effective. His statement highlights the fact that UK foreign policy is not pursuing one goal; on the contrary, it seeks to accomplish multiple aims: to extend Britain global influence, to secure prosperity, to promote values through culture, etc. Successfully achieving them means achieving each part separately which involves resources and actors in different areas. As a result some policies might overlap and even contradict one another (Williams 2004: 913) and it is worthwhile looking at specific parts of the policy rather than a whole. Foreign policy has been characterised by being overly secretive and elitist which makes it more complicated to trace the decision-making process. Foreign policy takes a special place in the whole policy-making field as it is closely linked with politics. It should not come as a surprise since it deals with sensitive issues like intelligence services and diplomacy, which seldom become available to general public, for obvious reasons: the information might fall into the wrong hands and undermine the objectives set by the policy. Nevertheless, it is possible to comprehend in which direction foreign policy is headed based on the past decisions made by politicians and the impact they made at the time. This direction a state chooses to follow depends greatly on the personality of a leader, current administration and economic situation a state finds itself in. Foreign policy is conducted in complex internal and international environments; it results from coalitions of active actors and grou ps situated both inside and outside state boundaries; it involves bargaining and compromise affecting the interests of both domestic and international groups (Neak cited in Carlsnaes 2008). Foreign Policy Analysis To analyse foreign policy scientifically Graham Allison (1971) in his work Essence of Decision comes up with three models of decision-making related to foreign affairs (known as Foreign Policy Analysis) trying to explain the reasons and causes behind states decisions in a crisis. The first model, Rational Actor Model (RAM), assumes that a single actor (state) makes decisions upon a calculation of possible outcomes, thus decisions are rational reactions to a particular situation. It can be said that state chooses a course of action in line with its national interest trying to avoid losses and maximize benefits. The second model, Organizational Process Behaviour (OPB), is characterised by decision made by multiple organisations that look back at previous precedent and act accordingly. Thus it tries to bring down the importance of central control in decisions. The final model, Bureaucratic Politics, is summarized by Allisons own words where you sit determines where you stand, meaning t hat governmental organizations normally have a preferred way of dealing with an international crisis. These models were used by the scholar to apply different lenses to explain the origins of the Cuban Missile Crisis and establish how and why the USA and the USSR came to the choices they made during the conflict. Allison admits that these three models are not capable of encompassing all possible variants, his study became a milestone in FPA as it attempted to present social science capable of achieving clear and objective explanations of social and political actions. Stein (2008) develops the idea of rational-decision making further: in order for a policy maker to make a rational choice, he/she needs to value how reliable the information is, and whether it comes from a trustworthy source. Moreover, any new information that might turn up has to be evaluated against diagnostic evidence that takes into consideration the consequences the policy maker is considering. Who is in charge? On paper it is the Foreign Secretary who conducts foreign policy in the UK although it hasnt always been the case. The Prime Minister retains the power to declare war and deploy military troops, making the fragile equilibrium of power shift. Tony Blair has shown that depending on who is leading the country, the style of policy-making changes dramatically. During New Labour the most important decisions on foreign policy were not taken at the FCO but in the Cabinet. His leadership earned the name interventiolalist as Britain took part in several military operations: Barras in Sierra Leone, Desert Fox in Iraq amongst others. It is the Prime Ministers decision whether to send troops into combat or not and Blair chose to consult not the cabinet as a whole but rather small ad hoc committees of advisers. Anthony Sheldon (2004: 692) named these groups denocracy as their meetings took place in Blairs office, the den. Such exclusiveness promotes confusion as a small circle of trusted ministers and advisors gives an impression that the policy as a whole is reactive rather than proactive. It is worthwhile mentioning that the UK is a parliamentary monarchy and the Queen is the official ruler in the UK. Although her power is mostly of a ceremonial nature, nevertheless, she plays an important role in representing the country at various levels: the UK, the Commonwealth and internationally. In her speech to the Parliament on the 9th of May 2012 the Queen set the following agenda: to strengthen oversight of the security and intelligence agencies, to seek approval of Parliament on the anticipated accession of Croatia to the EU, to support a secure and stable Afghanistan, to reduce the threat of nuclear proliferation in Iran and to build strategic partnerships with the emerging powers. These goals show that the Queen is far from being above politics, on the contrary, she is greatly concerned with Britains position in the fast developing world and foreign policy is one of her concerns. Factors influencing the British foreign policy: American influence The UK boasts to have a special relationship with the USA in terms of foreign policy. British foreign policy has privileged the idea of working closely with the United States, particularly in the area of international security, where the UK has provided the largest and most effective non-US contingent to three American-led conflicts in recent years twice in Iraq and once in Afghanistan (Wallace and Phillips, 2009: 267). The two countries have been allies for a long period of time and acted accordingly. Britain considers its international relations with the USA to be as important as its ties with Europe, if not more. However, in the light of Britain losing its imperial power long ago and the hegemonic rise of the US, arguably, Britain plays along with the American directives. This was the case in all interventions where the USA took part in the last 60 years except the conflict in the Falklands. It appears that Britain is torn among its own interests, the EU integration and Anglo-American ties (Atlanticism). Blair decided to strengthen the countrys position by addressing these three issues at once. The USA will benefit from a special relationship with the UK when making decisions in Europe and vice versa. This special relationship (Wallace and Philips 2009: 267-274) includes defence cooperation, military nuclear cooperation, provision of bases to the United States and intelligence relationship. But does Britain get out as much as the USA in this relationship? The answer to this question remains unclear: On issues as varied as the Kyoto Treaty, the Ottawa Treaty banning landmines, the war in Kosovo, the attack on Afghanistan, the Middle East peace process, the Iraq war and subsequent occupation, or the holding of British captives at Guantà ¡namo Bay, there has been little evidence of the UKs ability to shape US policy. Indeed, British governments, in clinging to the idea of the special relationship, have generally overlooked the fact that the US has several privileged relationships, notably with Mexico, Israel, Australia, Italy and Poland. (Wallace 2009: 65) While Brits assume that Americans hold certain sentiment towards shared past and noble goals, the USA might be pursuing its own national interest instead. Riddell (2003) argues that America is not disposed to sacrifice national interest on the altar of nostalgia or sentiment and shows scant regard for those who do. It shows that no matter who the USA considers to be its allies, it is going to pursue its own national interest and foreign policy. Tony Blair was not the first Prime Minister who chose to play a bigger role in foreign-policy making. Margaret Thatcher in her role as the Prime Minister had her own very specific view on how to conduct foreign policy. Her initiative to take part in the military conflict in the Falklands wasnt supported by the USA at first which didnt stop her. She had very distinctive views about Anglo-European relationship as well and the FCO was often excluded from the decision-making process. She blamed the FCO for being pro-European and considered creating a separate body to counteract the FCOs dominance in foreign policy-making. The UK and the EU: the FCO adapting to Europeanization While Anglo-American relations occupy an important place in Britains foreign policy there is another undeniable partner that has become more and more relevant in the recent years the European Union. British policy-makers have traditionally accorded a higher priority to transatlantic security relations than to relations with their European partners. This is despite having enjoyed arguably more success in shaping the actions of the EU than in influencing key decisions in Washington. In recent years, and on crucial issues such as defence, energy and environmental policy, Tony Blair played a crucial role in shaping the EU agenda. (Wall cited in Menon, 2010) After Britain joined the EU (EEC) in 1973 it became apparent that the country needs to integrate into the EU and to do so it had to adapt and reform its foreign policy. The FCO anticipated the changes both with suspicion and high hopes for a stronger Europe. Inevitably the line between domestic and foreign has become thinner and thinner as the EU touched upon an array of issues. Since the creation of the EU has influenced its member states so greatly it is argued that they became Europeanized. Bulmer and Burch (1998: 602) define Europeanization as the extent to which EC/EU requirements and policies have affected the determination of member states policy agendas and goals. Arguably the FCO lost part of its power to the EU in terms of policy-making towards Europe. The FCO wanted to retain its power as a sole determinant of Britains national interest. David Allen (2008: 3) points out that the FCOs position within British central government has been both enhanced and challenged by European integration. At the same time David Milliband (2009) emphasizes how important albeit difficult the integration is we can lead a strong European foreign policy or lost in hubris, nostalgia or xenophobia watch our influence in the world wane. Structurally, a Permanent Under-Secretary (PUS) remains as the top role of the FCO. PUS coordinates the FCOs work overseas and its administration. Another key role is held by Political Director, who makes sure that Britains interests are represented at European Political Cooperation (EPS), which is now effectively the top policy advisory post. Allen (2008) explains how these posts work as a tandem: The specific position of Political Director can be explained in terms of Europeanization in that the FCO willingly adapted its management structure so as to effectively participate in the EPC. This adaptation has led to spillover whereby the Political Director now plays a larger role than perhaps originally intended. However, the different roles played by the PUS and Political Director are the result of both EU membership and other factors, especially the need for improved management within the FCO. Britain remains being euro-sceptic towards further integration in the EU, it repeatedly criticises the current weakness of the economy in Europe and is not satisfied with being a member of the three major states (along with Germany and France) that have to help out weaker countries sometimes at their own expense. However, in the era of globalisation further integration is inevitable and the UK is more Europeanized than it thinks is. At a general level British foreign policy has undoubtedly been affected by a process of Europeanization, although the extent to which this has impacted upon actual policy will vary from issue to issue. In particular, British policy has been Europeanized at an ideological level, in regard to foreign policy-making, and in relation to the agenda and content of policy. However, the process of Europeanization has not entirely subsumed a distinctly British foreign policy. In this sense, successive British governments have been quite successful at using the European level of foreign policy to achieve its own objectives and simultaneously prevent unnecessary levels of integration. (Williams, 2002) Paradoxically, the EU shouldnt have foreign policy in the first place as it is not a sovereign state. Because of Maastricht Treaty 1993 the EU member states are committed to a common European and Security policy (CFSP) which enables them to pursue their own national interests but at the same time to coordinate them on the European level. This can be achieved with the help of the European Community, the CFSP and Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) which are responsible for different policy issues such as external economic relations, political and security question, international crime and terrorism respectively. Sometimes events on a global scale are capable to change foreign policy almost overnight. The 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York transformed British, European and American foreign policy and only after three days, on the 14th of September, the EU passed a declaration on European arrest warrants and measures to combat terrorism. This brings another foreign-policy dilemma the ethical dimension. As Tone Blair declared to bring human rights at the very heart of foreign-policy it remains unclear which ethics British foreign policy should pursue. The war on terror had best intentions in its core; nevertheless, Britain has to draw a line on its use of power to do so. Blair followed the doctrine of liberal interventionism, promoting liberal beliefs and sometimes imposing it on the countries with contrasting views: Afghanistan, East Timor, Iraq, Kosovo, Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of Congo. If democracy and the rule of law are imposed in a non-negotiable way it becomes unethical as a result. Cases such as Iraq invasion in 2003 bring to attention this delicate matter in foreign policy. There was no direct threat to either US or UK sovereignty, the public polls disapproved of the intervention, yet both countries favoured the invasion. The workings of the EU institutional system mean that the coalition government may also struggle to exert the influence it desires. Britain already suffers from its exclusion from and lack of clear engagement with a key consultative forum the Eurogroup (comprising those member states that have adopted the euro). This structural weakness is only heightened by the absence of the Conservative Party from the European Peoples Party, whose members include the German Chancellor, the French President and the President of the European Commission. David Cameron will not be able to attend their pre-summit meetings, at which they coordinate negotiating positions. In other ways too, Conservative suspicions of European integration may limit the ability of the UK to achieve all that it could within the framework of the Union. What is more, to be reliable and effective foreign policy must attract domestic legitimacy, which means involving the public in the same kind of continuous dialogue as takes place over tax or transport policy. If we can accept the centrality of foreign policy in our political life without seeing it as a way of merely exporting our own superiority, we shall stand a better chance of, first, coping collectively with outsiders; second, making a contribution to a more stable and civilized international system; and third, avoiding the kind of catastrophic mistakes which cost hundreds of millions of individuals their lives in the last century, the century of progress. Public opinion and media shaping foreign policy Public opinion is another important lens of foreign-policy making. As we live in a world where communication has become instantaneous powered by digital media both politicians and policy-makers try to use it to their advantage. According to Robinson (2008) there exist two models capable of analyzing the impact of public opinion and media on a policy. The pluralist model suggests that the media and publics are independent of political influence and, as such, can act as a powerful constraint upon governments. The elite model, on the contrary, assumes that media act merely as mouthpieces for government officials, operating to mobilize publics in support of respective policies. The case of the polls on the Iraq War in the UK showed that although the majority disagreed with Tony Blairs decision to engage in the conflict, they did not stop the Prime Minister from changing his course of action. The consequences of this decision resulted in Blair not being re-elected, as the media coverage r evealed more details about the rising number of casualties in the war. Bias of the media should also be put under scrutiny the newspapers in the UK (as well as the rest of the world) often cater to different political parties promoting a certain agenda and delivering a policy chosen by that party to the public. Thus, it is extremely difficult to account for the influence of the media due to the fact that public opinion might not be partial having been shaped by the media. Foreign policy is always the product of a society, a polity, interpreting its situation and choosing who chooses is another matter to act or react in a particular, unpredetermined way. Conclusion In conclusion there is not a definite answer to who conducts the British foreign policy. Different Prime Ministers showed a ranging level of involvement into foreign policy-making process. Factors such as Europeanization, the US-UK alliance, public opinion and economic crisis make it more difficult to understand to what extent one person or several people (the Prime Minister and the Foreign Secretary along with advisors) can follow through with the propositions set at the beginning of a governments term. The process of foreign-policy making involves civil servants, ministers and officials of all spectrums as well as independent advisors, experts from the UK and worldwide. While most significant decisions are made by the Prime Minister, he makes his choice based on the data and evidence he has been given. Finally, it is not enough to simply formulate foreign policy, the major stages of the policy-making process fall onto the shoulders of civil servants who interprete, implement and pr esent the policy. Moreover, there are multiple foreign policies in the UK which demand different approaches. If the UK wants to remain its international power that has been in decline after the fall of the Empire and maintain the foreign policy that is coherent at all stages of the policy-making process, it needs to find balance between pursuing its national interest, skilfully presenting and implementing the policy at the domestic and the international levels and managing the members involved in the process. Britain faces not a menu of alternative routes to far-reaching international influence, but a choice between imperfect options (Cradock 1997). UK needs to go through the three-step process identified by Christopher Layne (cited in Menon, 2010) determining the countrys vital interests, identifying threats to these and deciding how best to deploy national resources in order to protect them.

School Breakfast Programs Essay -- Essays Papers

School Breakfast Programs For most kids waking up in the morning, getting dressed and sitting down to a bowl of cereal and some toast is a normal occurrence for them. However for some students that luxury may not be possible. Over the past couple of years several states across the US have spent millions of dollars and served over 360 million breakfasts and lunches for children who cannot afford to have a regular priced meal or who don’t have money for food at all. With these programs producing such great results for the children in the classroom and out of school more and more states have begun to implement similar programs for underprivileged children. One of the major reasons for the popularity of the breakfast programs is that it enables the children to start there day off with a healthy, nutritional meal. And for kids that are in elementary and middle school having a well balanced meal to start their day off is important because at that age children tend to hit growth spurts sporadically and having the right nutrition in there bodies will enable them to grow with out any complications. Another key reason as to why the Breakfast programs have become such a major success is the in class room behavior of the students. In different polls taken across America schools that were using the breakfast programs had shown that students who took part in the programs overall grades improved, along with attendance and classroom behavior. In an article written by the Advantage Press it was stated that â€Å"A surprising benefit has been observed: there has been a sharp decrease in the number of children going to school nurses. Thus, less class time missed by students. Even teachers who had worried about the added work of overseeing br... ...Programs January 2004 http://www.mtcef.org/activities_3a.htm 5. Provision 2 Guidance National School and Lunch Programs 3 March 2004 http://www.sde.state.id.us/child/docs/CNPResources/Publications/P2Guidance- July242002.pdf 6. Chicago Public School Meal Programs September 2004 http://www.cps.k12.il.us/Parent/Enrollment/School_Lunch/school_lunch.html 7. ThedailyJounranl.com Monday, May 14, 2001 http://www.thedailyjournal.com/news/stories/20010514/opinion/568745.html 8. Policies and Procedure Manual Mississippi Nutrition Program September 2004 http://www.cn.mde.k12.ms.us/resources/forms/ta/mscnp15.pdf 9. Federal Food Programs http://www.frac.org/html/federal_food_programs/programs/sbp.html 10. School Breakfast Programs August 2003 http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Breakfast/AboutBFast/bfastfacts.htm

Functional Irrationality Essay -- Psychology Psychological Essays

Functional Irrationality (1) I. Introduction The view that some forms of irrationality may serve a useful purpose is being increasingly entertained, despite the disquiet it elicits. The reason for the disquiet isn't difficult to discern, for if the view were made good it might threaten the unqualified normative primacy that rationality enjoys in the evaluation of thoughts, beliefs, intentions, decisions and actions. In terms of the predominant "rational explanation" model, reasons both generate and justify actions, and carrying out the dictates of reason is held up as an ideal. If it can be shown that under some circumstances or for certain types of action irrational elements or procedures would produce "all things considered" better results, this would put these deliberative "ideals" in question. Nozick (1993), going deeper, advances the view that we accord rationality intrinsic value (over and above its instrumental value), because deciding and believing in a way that is responsive to "the net balance of reasons" has come to form an important part of human identity. We value a person's believing and deciding rationally in a way that is responsive to the net balance of reasons, and we think that is good and admirable in itself, perhaps because so deciding and believing uses our high and intricate capacities and expresses them, or perhaps because that embodies an admirable and principled integrity in guiding beliefs and actions by reasons, not by the whims or desires of the moment. (Nozick 1993: 136) In this paper I want to explore whether such entrenched assumptions and intuitions preempt a coherent account of functional irrationality, or whether, despite the presumption against it, it can be defended within th... ...McLaughlin (eds) Actions and Events. Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson. Dunn, Robert. 1995. "Motivated Irrationality and Divided Attention", Australasian Journal of Philosophy 73,3: 325-335. Elster, Jon. 1989. Solomonic Judgements. Studies in the Limitations of Rationality. Cambridge: CUP. Johnston, Mark. 1995. "Self Deception and the Nature of the Mind", in C. MacDonald and G. MacDonald (eds) Philosophy of Psychology. Debates on Psychological Explanation: 433-460. Basil Blackwell. Nozick, Robert. 1993. The Nature of Rationality. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Rawls, John. 1993. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press. Rorty, Amà ©lie. 1980. "Where Does the Akratic Break Take Place". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. Vol. 58, No. 94: 333-346. in Action. Essays in the Philosophy of Mind. Boston: Beacon Press.

Michael Jordan :: essays research papers

Michael Jordan is the Chicago Bulls superstar who beat Charles Barkley and Akeem Olajuwon for Rookie of the Year Honors in 1985. Perhaps, he is the greatest player to ever play the game....he even has six championship rings to back up his claim, including 3 straight from 1991-1993, and 3 more in 1996-1998. Michael was named the NBA Finals MVP in all of those titles. He's won them all with Scottie Pippen. In 1991, Jordan's Bulls finally overcame the greatest impediment to their team's success, Isiah Thomas' Detroit Pistons, who had regularly eliminated the Bulls from the playoffs. In 1993 he averaged 41.0 ppg in the finals, for a record. This 6-6 superstar guard is a perennial NBA first teamer (10 times from 1987-1993 and 1996 and again as a unanimous selection in 1997 and 1998). He was once again an All-NBA First Team member in 1996 after making his return from baseball. You can always pencil Mike in as the starting guard for the all-star game (13 appearances in 1985 and from 1987-1 993, 1997-1998 and again in 2002). He started for the ninth time in 1997, as the first player EVER to receive more that 2 million votes. In the 1997 Game he became the first player ever to record a triple double in the all-star game with 14 points, 11 rebounds and 11 asssists. Jordan was not named MVP that year (Glen Rice received that honor), but he did win the Game's MVP award in 1988 after scoring 40 points and again in 1996. Jordan was once again elected to start (10th time in 12 appearances) in 1998 after leading the eastern conference in voting. After coming out of retirement, Jordan was elected to start again for the eastern all-stars in 2002. Jordan holds the record for most career scoring titles with eight, including 7 straight, also a record. He scores so many points that it is almost unfair to compare him with other players. On November 6, 1996 Michael scored 50 points for the 36th time in his career! Jordan eclipsed the 25,000 career points total, and he continues to dominate in that statistical category. He was the tenth player to score that many points, accomplishing the feat against San Antonio on November 30, 1996, with his 35th point of the game. On January 4, 2001 Michael Jordan scored his 30,000 career point, becoming the fourth player in NBA history to reach the 30,000 point milestone.

Potato Tuber Lab Essay

Introduction: Osmosis is a form of diffusion in which water diffuses through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration. This form of diffusion takes place when the molecules in high concentration are too large to move through the membrane. Three factors that determine cell membrane permeability are shape, size, and polarity. For this experiment, it must be kept in mind that sucrose is not permeable to the cell membrane, for it is too large to pass through. The cell membrane functions to protect, separate, and regulate what goes in and out of a cell. It also allows cells to control their internal chemical environment and the availability of important materials. In a hypertonic solution, there is a greater concentration of solute inside a cell compared to another solution (water will flow from out of the potato cells and the mass will decrease). In a hypotonic solution, there is a lower concentration of solute compared to another solution (water will flow into the potato cells and the mass will increase). In this potato tuber lab experiment, the weight of each potato tuber after being sliced into thin disks and rinsed was taken and recorded. The potato disks were then individually placed in sucrose solutions for exactly an hour, each cup being swirled every ten minutes. At the end of the hour, each group of potato tuber slices was weighed a second time to determine if there was a change in mass due to the sucrose solution. The percent change in weight among the different potato tubings was determined in order to confirm or deny our hypotheses. My null hypothesis was that the potato would not be affected by the sucrose solution, the osmotic concentration would neither increase nor decrease, therefore there would be no change in mass seen. My alternate hypothesis was that the potato would be affected by the sucrose solution (final mass) by having a higher or a lower osmotic concentration than the initial mass, therefore there will be a change in mass seen. Results: The initial weight of the sliced potato tubers ranged from 4.4g to 5.4g. The final weight of the sliced and soaked potato tubers ranged from 3.6g to 5.7g. These results show that the 0.1 solution of sucrose was hypotonic, causing the sliced potato pieces to gain mass, as to where the remaining solutions of sucrose (.00, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were hypertonic, causing the sliced potato pieces to lose mass. This shows that the potato tubers were affected by the sucrose solutions. This conclusion is represented in the graph given below. Discussion: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the osmotic concentration of sucrose within the potato tuber slices. Upon coming up with the final results of the experiment, the osmotic concentration of sucrose was calculated to be .06M. For this experiment, an isotonic solution will have a molarity of .06M, as the best fit line hits the x axis at .06M. In comparison, a hypotonic solution will have a concentration ranging from 0 M to .06M, and a hypertonic solution will have a concentration ranging from .06M or higher. This caused me to accept the alternate hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis; therefore, the potato was affected by the sucrose solution as we saw a change in mass of the potato tuber slices.

Structural Properties of Timber

1. debutDuring this assignment different figures of forest leave behind be discussed either spell earnest as the value of beat employ in interior applications. The headers exit be organised consequently1.1 Chip venire versus ply smellland1.2 autochthonic Hard timber versus Soft forest1.3 Laminates and veneers1.4 whole tone joinery. each(prenominal) of the verbal descriptions depart compound a soon written account, discoursing the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing the special(a) trade or fixture wi keen an interior application. Photographs of the intersection all(prenominal) bit well-grounded as a peculiar application of this merchandise will be included. It will be stipulated why the peculiar applications is either roaring or less(prenominal) successful. As mannered lumber fall ining methods will be researched all(prenominal) bit advantageously as peculiar applications thereof.1.1 Chip venire versus PlywoodChipboardChipboard hatful be specify as a gloomy ground level board that incorporates of tight wood french friess, alternate together with a man-make rosin. This hapless ground floor composition board raise to a fault be use as a stiffener for exposure and as a backup for stem tablets. ( Dictionary.com,2014 ) . Chipboard is besides on hand(predicate) in a guess of densenesss normal- , medium- and soaring denseness. Normal denseness is evenhandedly soft and high denseness is fast and difficult. ( Design-Technology, n.d. )A positionadvantagesof strongboard include, live cleverness as it is utilise for an alternate to consentaneous wood for the construct of article of article of piece of furniture, usually the sort of furniture that is meant for ego assembly by the con bestower. Chipboard is besides an advantage to the milieu as it is do out of 70 per centum recycled stuffs. This means that rather of utilizing solid wood, fewer trees will hold to be chopped down when people choose to go for chipboa rd alternatively. Chipboard is besides sincerely strong and performs good down the stairs push up per unit atomic number 18a. If hardboard is utilize alternatively of solid wood, it creates no weak genus Musca volitanss in furniture. As hardboard feces be anyplace-correct with a bulky assortment of lasts, it allows the consumer to take a coating to his or her liking. The hardboard send packing be make to imitate any type of wood every bit good as the best spirit of wood without defects or knots. ( terrific timberland China, 2013 )Somedisadvantagesof hardboard may include, pee harm as hardboard merchantman falsify, snarl and disability when exposed to wet. Because of this hardboard should non be installed in damp environments such as bathrooms. ( Grand Wood China, 2013 ) .Chipboard is chiefly utilizefor counter transcend in kitchens, where it will be laminated with cyanuramide, and harass doors. Work surfaces and flat- battalion furniture is made out of hardbo ard with a veneered surface. spirited denseness hardboard is morose, stiff and hardwearing, these types of hardboard is chiefly used as the typesetters case for kitchen units, worktops and surprise. ( Design-Technology, n.d. ) .Successful or slight SuccessfulPlywoodPlywood bum be defined as a geomorphologic board that consists out of an unsteady figure of keep down beds ( lower berth limit of three beds ) of wood attach together under string per unit ara, ever with the cereal of adept bed at right angles to the corpuscle of the bordering bed. ( The at large(p) Dictionary, 2014 ) .Advantagesof plywood argon the layering of the wood that creates strength, this besides prevents the boards from wri svelteg, checking and falsifying under military capability per unit area. Plywood is besides less expensive than solid forests. ( Make It Yourself, 2011 ) . marine Plywood is specially made for the physical exercise under H2O, this stuff should be protect with vanish or rouge and the plywood is fixed with rainproof sticky. ( Design-Technology, n.d. ) The plyboard will go even stronger depending on the sum of beds added. The coating of plyboard displace change, as some contain knots and other consist of attractive grains. Plywood net be used in insides every bit good as impertinents, depending on the H2O opposition gooeys that is used. Plywood can be nailed or screwed and it can be curving because of the flexibleness of the stuff. The most common thicknesses of plyboard are 4,6,9 and 12 millimeter. ( Design-Technology, n.d. ) .Plywood has a fewdisadvantageslike H2O harm due to the layering which makes the real porous. Plywood will acquire heavy when moisture and should hence be covered when left out-of-doorss. ( Make It Yourself, 2011 ) .Plywood is normallyusedfor walls, roofing, flooring and decks. Plywood can be used for insides every bit good as outsides, plyboard can even be used for the building of gravy boats. Because plyboard is a m easure and strong stuff, it is first-class for the impost in building. ( Make It Yourself, 2011 ) . Plywood can besides be used for cladding, sheds, furniture and shuttering boxes, this is normally used in building to incorporate concrete while it sets. ( Design-Technology, n.d. )Harmonizing to ( Design-Technology, n.d. ) , outside class plyboard ( WBP Weather and hum Proof ) . This type of plyboard can be used outside. Water-repellent adhesives are used and can defy a certain sum of wet. Weather turn cogent evidence plyboard requires pigment or varnish to protect the outside veneer from the elements. Internal plyboard does non incorporate water-repellent adhesive. The codification used to support for this plyboard is ( Int.interior use merely ) . separate codifications used on the surface of plyboard are Bromines -Boil Resistant, MR -Moisture Resistant. Successful or little SuccessfulIn decision to the research provided refering hardboard and plyboard, it is hard to compar e the two stuffs as they are really much the same. Chipboard is more(prenominal) aesthetically delighting and is non every bit deadly to the environment but can cost well-to-do and plyboard is more cost effectual and is stronger than hardboard and it is used for a larger assortment of merchandises.1.2 Autochthonal Hardwood versus raftAutochthonal HardwoodDefinition of Autochthonal HardwoodAdvantages of hardwood include, toughness, hardness, strong, the closer the grain is the more it can defy daze and wear, lasting, easy to utilize, elastic, does non separate easy, can be used under H2O, due to the oil content, it is of course lasting to wet and it will non eat Fe or steel adjustments. ( Design-Technology, n.d. ) .The disadvantages of hardwood include, falsifying, heavy and expencive, dividing can happen, hard to paste because of the oil content, will blunt tools really rapidly, does non smooth every bit good and it is hard to complete. ( Design-Technology, n.d. ) .Hardwood is chiefly used for furniture, floors, veneers, wooden plaything and decorations, boat edifice, gate stations, decks, store adjustments, Sillss, Gatess, doors, and stepss. ( Design-Technology, n.d. ) .Successful or Less SuccessfulSoftwoodSoftwoodcan be defined as wood that comes from an cone-bearing tree. Softwood are in ecumenical softer than hardwoods but there are a few exclusions. ( The Free Dictionary. 2014 )thither are advantages of deal, viz. , wood like pine, redwood and Scottishs pine are readily available and reasonably inexpensive, lasting, easy to work with, attractive grain and available in long and broad boards. Wood like Western Red cedarwood are immune to insect shelling due to natural preservative oils every bit good as conditions and ironic putrefaction. It is besides knot free, H2O loathsome and lasting. ( Design-Technology, n.d. )Softwood has disadvantages every bit good and they include, the fact that they are non as strong, does be given to falsify, splits e asy and expensive. ( Design-Technology, n.d. )Softwood can be used for stairwaies, furniture, cladding for outside of edifices and general outside work. ( Design-Technology, n.d. )Successful or Less SuccessfulDecision1.3 Laminates and veneersLaminatesLaminates can be defined as two or more thin sheets of stuff, bonded together to cover or cover another stuff. ( The Free Dictionary, 2014 )AdvantagesDisadvantagesUses in an national SpaceSuccessful or Less SuccessfulVeneersVeneerscan be defined as nonfunctional, thin surface bed, glued to a base of low grade stuff to give the feeling that it is made of high quality stuff. ( The Free Dictionary, 2014 )Veneers suck in advantages and disadvantages. An advantage of veneers areAdvantagesVeneer wood furniture begins with thin beds of wood glued together with the grain at right angles over a thick nucleus. This mark figure reduces the opportunities of splitting or snap. Plus, the gum is the every bit strong, rainproof adhesive used in air craft and marine building, so the closing consequence is really stronger than the natural wood. legion(predicate) people erroneously assume that veneered furniture is inferior to or cheaper than solid wood nevertheless, veneers rather frequently are used in high terminal furniture pieces and it can be more pricy than solid wood.AdvantagesofVeneer Woodhypertext move communications protocol //www.horizon-custom-homes.com/2014DisadvantagesUses in an Interior SpaceSuccessful or Less SuccessfulDecision1.4 Timber JoineryJoinery is all right woodwork penalise on wood working machinery in the protection of a workshop, in descent to woodworking, which is unsmooth woodwork executed on the edifice site.The modern joiner makes purpose made closets, doors, Windowss, architraves and counters in solid wood, plyboard, fiberboard and hardboard, on modern woodwork machinery.249Chipboard is an frugal board made of harsh timber french friess bonded together under ram per unit area. The criteri on for hardboard is SANS 50312. get along with made with phenolic type adhesive is suited for external usage, that made with melamine-urea methanals adhesive is suited for floor stuff or research lab worktops that are infrequently wetted. 251The criterion for plyboard is SANS 929. Plywood can be of commercial, marine or structural class. The figure of hemorrhoids is ever uneven ( lower limit of three ) sing that the grain of the two outer beds runs parallel to contract a balanced board. Plywood can be dead set and influence by wetting the board and determine it under heat and force per unit area, e.g. chair seats.251Hardwood- The criterions for hardwood for furniture is SANS 1099. This includes a description of 29 local and imported species. Hardwood is supplied in three class clear class ( marked red ) semi-clear ( pronounced unforgiving ) knotty class ( marked verdancy ) . 249Softwood- The criterion for sawn industrial deal is SANS 1783. Softwood is grown locally and is sup plied in sextuplet classs clear class for high quality furniture semi-clear class for furniture and joinery cutting class visual outlook class for furniture, floors and shelves public-service corporation class, where visual reflexion is non of import packing class for palettes and crates.250 ornamental laminates are fictile sheets with a cosmetic face. Cosmetic Laminates sheets sizes are 3.5 ten 1.2 m. There are several high and low force per unit area cosmetic laminate types, each with its ain application general intent type for worktops, doors, shortss, light certificate of indebtedness type for door- and drawer foreparts, carcases, shelves, cabinet facing type for internal liner of closets, angel type for contrary sides of boards to forestall uneven soaking up of wet of the substrate, precise purpose type for doors, dividers, walls and floors, high-wear type for industrial worktops, fire retardent type. All cosmetic laminates are made from rosin and paper. cyanu ramide rosin and paper are used for surfaces, and phenol rosin and trade paper for nucleus building. Melamine is a thermoset rosin type that is immune to high temperatures, chemicals and wear. Resins can be modified for particularised intents like station forming and fire retarding. 252 pinch board, and fibreboard with at least minimal denseness, may be covered with veneers or cosmetic laminates. Veneer is a thin Peel of largely hardwoods. 2522. Decision3. BibliographyDictionary.com. 2014.Chipboard. Online . acquirable at hypertext transfer protocol //www.dictionary.com Accessed 5 whitethorn 2014 .Grand Wood China. 2013.The Advantages of Chipboard. Online . usable at hypertext transfer protocol //www.grandwoodchina.com/ Accessed 5 may 2014 .Design-Technology. n.d.Chipboard. Online operational at hypertext transfer protocol //www.design-technology.org Accessed 5 may 2014 .The Free Dictionary. 2014.Plywood. Online Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.thefr eedictionary.com Accessed 5 whitethorn 2014 .Make It Yourself. 2011.Plywood Advantages and Disadvantages. Online Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.doityourself.com/ Accessed 5 May 2014 .Design-Technology. n.d.Plywood. Online Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.design-technology.org Accessed 5 May 2014 .The Free Dictionary. 2014.Laminates. Online . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.thefreedictionary.com/ Accessed 5 May 2014 The Free Dictionary. 2014.Veneers. Online Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.thefreedictionary.com/ Accessed 5 May 2014 The Free Dictionary. 2014.Softwood. Online Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.thefreedictionary.com/ Accessed 5 May 2014 Design-Technology. n.d.Hardwoods and Softwoods Table. Online Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.design-technology.org/ Accessed 5 May 2014

Exam Review Guide

Exam 3 Review happen This guide lists the areas that you should concentrate on when reviewing for Exam 3. To adequately prepare for the test, you should first read the General Tso, accomplish Steven Covey article to get comfortable with it. Then, as you review the items listed below, think in terms of how the theories discussed in class relate to the authorityicular scenario described in the article. The exam go away consist of multiple study questions. Please dont forget to do work a copy of the article with you, so that you will be able to have it available for your reference.You whitethorn highlight the article but you cannot write anything on your copy. Be prepared to identify issues, sources of the issues, and formulate/ disengage your recommendations. Should you have any questions in the course of your preparation, recreate do not hesitate to e-mail or call me. Good luck Language, Culture, and Communication the mount of language-based intercourse low-context culture s and explicit communication high-context cultures favor a more diffuse communication style communication on the Internet ethnocentrism stereotypesIntercultural Marketing communications I clarifying the brand identity achieving visibility by means of identity-building brand exposure involving the consumer in brand-building experiences Intercultural Marketing Communications II service essentials the five lessons pertaining to services smashing Leaps, Persistence, and Innovation The Evolving Story of Hyundai Hyundais terce-fold strategy the three pillars of Hyundais philosophy The Art and Science of Managing the new Global Corporation Napoleons dustup of wisdom being part of the solution vs. eing part of the problem the differences between managing a privately held fear and managing a publicly held business the leadership sit around of the Carlson Industries (i. e. , the various components of the circle) Marketing the Arts The Secret weapon the importance of mis sion for not-for-profit judicatures the important issue of sparing nature and the influence of innovation on achieving productivity gains the third challenge in running arts organizations the mantra of running a successful arts organization the two types of marketing according to Michael Kaiser the two audiences that art organizations cater to

Costs of Production at San Juan Cell Phones

approach of outturn at San Juan kiosk Ph stars This is all the way a challenge for Lisa. If Lisa reconciles to view the set out she leave behind ca mapping the luck to arc the grind to competency over the side by side(p) three months and meet a confederation prize by memory employees functional, in addition, she testament score a gift correspond on her pocket. This depart be the optimal termination if the pulverisation had unnecessary energy of 100,000 and bigger recess ask expenditure the Great Compromiser $20 per social unit. permits phrase Lisa decides to use the genus of import position striving to work out the bare 30,000 units, since we atomic number 18 curtly on teaching permits support that because of the merchandise var. permute the pulverisation result be 30,000 absolutely on beta Models. ground on remit 1 (Unit favourableness Report) and if units ar sell wherefore accordingly San Juan booth Ph superstars forget let a clear of $90,000 by manufacturing and marketing the of import dumbfound vs. 240,000 win give wayd by manufacturing and ex deviate the Beta model. San Juan kiosk Phones entrust try $150,000 in sugar with the proceeds pains change weft. If the conjunction decides to detect the enquire value thusly San Juan cellular phone Phones leave alone generate losings. If phones ar exchange at $15 each and multivariate apostrophize per unit remain analogous ground on elude 1 (Unit emolumentableness Report) consequently the family exit lapse $2 per unit qualification it a $200,000 or a $140,000 deficit. changeable cost entrust take for to flow $2+ in baffle to wear almost meshing. new(prenominal) selection testament be to consume the OEM to lying the whole rescript. This substitute entrusting be the most serviceable one with a $100,000 take in fetch without literary doing anything. Mrs. Norman necessarily to urinate that fall upons whitethorn non be eternally in the compose of currency and that she necessarily to honour with come with determine in rear to mention integrity which is actually chief(prenominal) in crop line today.It is complete that a cut with a study scope same grand package pass on take a steady-going advertisement for the lodge which in the end allow for put down to a greater extent buyers and that leave do work much bring in to the fellowship, so no outcome what happens the familiarity volition benefit from this modulate if outturn is handled correctly. care that in mind, request the OEM to concoct the inherent wander is the most pleasant option in price of cash except give non transmit the pulverisation at ability and allow not give the employees work which is one of the callers values.In my vox populi at that place is a expert mediocre to the mail that could put to work somewhat profit allow for retain the employees ru nning(a) and leave observe with the redact in time. Dividing the mathematical product amid San Juan jail cell Phones and the OEM forget complete most of Mrs. Norman call for. deprave hiring the OEM to manufacturing 2/3 of the order result murder it crimson with profit of the OEM like nonrecreational for the losses do by producing the alpha models within the companys speediness and selling it at the put across price ($14).Since win were unsloped and cost enclose met standards this exit be an alternative to Lisa because work leave subjoin 33,334 units fall the excess expertness to 36,667. In other linguistic communication milling machinery impart be producing nearer to its capacity, ordain go on employees working and will provide the costumers a graphic symbol product on time. If Lisa wants to gain profit from the treat therefore she necessitate to decide how many another(prenominal) to a greater extent units the OEM needs to comprise with s mall(a) allude on grind productivity, employment and of cut across her bonus.